Sukhoi T-50 / PAK FA

The new Sukhoi T-50 / PAK FA Russian fighter is by now quite well known but any official document is certainly welcome. That is the case of the Sukhoi patent that form the basis of this post. Even if it may not bring groundbreaking details, it presents some interesting aspects that may be quite interesting even if they are just raising speculation to fact. This patent document published just yesterday (although submitted by Sukhoi 2 years ago) by the Russian patent office. It presents the general arrangement of the new PAK-FA aircraft, it describes its aerodynamic configuration and function and also some aspects of its design concerning low radar observability.



The T-50 is a substantial evolution of the Su-27 (T-10) family. It has a main trapezoid wing, all moving horizontal and vertical tails and a new kind of canard-like airfoils in front of the main wing (part 8 in the images). There are also slats, flapperons and ailerons. It is worth noting that only theT-50 along with F-22 are the only operational (or to be operational) fighters that are designed from the start with thrust vectoring. All others (ex Su-30) are adapted with movable nozzles at a later stage of their development.


The fuselage is described as having ‘dogtooth extensions’ which are similar in shape and role with the leading root extensions (LERX) of many modern jet fighters and popular with Sukhoi. The fuselage houses the engine and their inlets at its edges and in between it is flattened, providing lift and also space for internal payload. The overall shape with the flat central fuselage, smoothly blended wings and integration of thrust vectoring with all movable surfaces consist what Sukhoi characterizes as integral aerodynamic design.


The wings are smoothly jointed with the flat shaped fuselage via a wide chord created by the negative sweep angle of the trailing edge of the wing. This allows for large values of absolute height especially at the root but small values of relative thickness combining good structural integrity with lower drag forces in the trans and supersonic flight. 





One of the most innovative features of T-50 is the movable airfoils above and in front of the inlets. They are more similar to the slats of the main wing rather than Su-30’s canards. These surfaces can rotate downwards around their rear edge. Similar to wing slats, they are rotated to assist control in high angles of attack (close to 90deg.) by reducing the exposed area to the direction of flight and also preserving lift by turning the influx over the fuselage (in a similar manner where slats have the same effect to the wing). These rotary parts shade the main engine inlets but there are auxiliary inlets at the sidewalls of the inlet tunnels where air can flow in avoiding restrictionsThe main wing is equipped with leading edge slats and also with flapperons and ailerons. The flapperons are used in-phase as flaps in take off and landing and moving differentially as ailerons in transonic and supersonic speed. The wing outer ailerons are used only at very low speeds and at take-off/landing to control roll.


Engine placement is a crucial part of T-50’s architecture. The two engines are placed wide apart leaving space for payload between them. The air intakes are located similarly on each side of the fuselage and they are beveled in two planes in order to keep the flow attached even at high angles of attack. The air intakes are further apart in respect to the vertical and horizontal planes than the engines thus the ducts are curved. This curvature hides the compressor and reduces the radar signature of the engine in the forward hemisphere, a common practice in many recent (or not so recent) designs. 




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EXAM TIPS4U

Concerned about your exams? 

Here are some tips to minimize your exam stress.

 Never fear or hate exam and be confident.

Some students study well but still may be much afraid of exams and due to this reason they get distracted and won't be able to score marks.So leave all your fears and free your mind before starting the study. You have to be confident and it is the most essential power you should have for attaining victory.

i. Revision tips

Develop a timetable to monitor your progress. Make sure you allocate adequate time for fun and relaxation as well.

While revising a subject, practise writing. This would be an actual simulation of the examination itself. Plan your revision and complete it in time. This will give you a sense of achievement and build your confidence.

While revising, vary subjects and their difficulty so you don't get bored or disheartened. Set realistic targets of what you can achieve in the time available.

Spend as much time on recall as on reading. Practise by writing answers as you would do in the exam. This will help you remember the important points when you answer each paper.

Practise writing answers under exam conditions. Take three hour tests, without a break in between, preferably at the same time as that of the exam. This will help your body clock adjust to the examination time and conditions.

ii. Time out

To prevent mental fatigue, take a short break as soon as you notice your mind is losing concentration. Stick to activities that do not break your study continuum during these breaks. Avoid television and loud music. You will then be able to come back to your revision refreshed.

It is important to relax. Your mind and body perform at their best only if you get adequate rest.

iii. Maintain a regular sleep pattern

A regular seven hours of sleep is mandatory for the body to function well. Also, sleep at a regular time; don't alter your sleeping cycle.

It is not important whether you study late or get up early, as long as you get into the habit of being most alert at the same time as that of the exam.

Try and stop working an hour before bedtime. You will find it helpful to do some muscular relaxation, which is particularly effective in relieving stress.

iv. What to eat

Food rich in vitamins and proteins, such as green leafy vegetables and fresh fruits, are a must.

The nutrients will help your brain stay sharp. Avoid food with high fat content.

Don't drink too much coffee, tea or fizzy drinks. Caffeine will keep you up and reduce the clarity of your thinking.

v. NO distractions 

Keep all unimportant issues at bay.

Right now, the board examinations should be your only focus. Stay away from distractions that could cause loss of concentration or unwanted anxiety. Stick to activities that do not break your study continuum.

vi. The power of positive thinking

Spend time with people who have a positive effect. It will rub off on you.

Avoid negative thoughts, such as 'Everyone else seems better organised, while I'm struggling.' Challenge such thoughts with positive thinking; for example, 'I have done well in exams before.'

vii. Practise relaxation techniques

Practise deep breathing, meditation and yoga as forms of relaxation. They help your body relax and reduce stress. Alternately, take a brisk walk in fresh air after your day's revision is over.

If you believe in God, pray before you start studying. Prayer will help you increase confidence reduce your stress as well.

And yes, lots of luck with those exams.

Believe in God, Believe in you

pray well before the exam and your mind should be free at least 5 minutes before exam. Pray can give immense energy and peace to your mind that will definitely do good for you.And it is much important that you are confident about what you can and will always produce pleasant result.

Also remember one thing please don't discuss soon after exams.This won't do good and may affect your coming exams.If your friends are discussing question paper avoid them and come to house soon.

Heart-Healthy Popcorn

Popcorn is a whole-grain food that contains fiber and a small amount of vitamins and minerals. It is low in calories and fat. The fiber in popcorn is mostly insoluble, which aids the digestive tract, and partly soluble, which benefits the cardiovascular system and heart. Popcorn should be air-popped or cooked in a small amount of healthy oil, such as canola oil. Healthy toppings include raisins, dried cranberries, peanuts, 1 tsp. of garlic powder, 2 tbsp. of melted dark chocolate or 2 tsp. of cinnamon-sugar per 3-cup serving of popped kernels.

Air-popped popcorn is an excellent addition to a heart-healthy diet, especially when you eat it instead of a less-healthy snack, such as chips, pastry or candy. A 3-cup serving size is appropriate. In addition to two snacks per day, eat three light meals that collectively include low-fat, protein-rich foods, skim milk products, vegetables, fruits, whole grains and healthy oils.

People who eat it every day consume 250% more whole grains and 22% more fiber than those who don’t, according to a study from the Center for Human Nutrition in Omaha, Neb. 

But don’t view this as a license to pig out on “loaded” popcorn at the movies or on the couch: One tablespoon of butter adds 8 grams of artery-clogging fat and 100 calories. A little oil is better—but naked is best.

GOD'S OWN COUNTRY

Kerala or Keralam (Malayalam:കേരളം), is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.

The state has an area of 38,863 km² (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and theArabian Sea on the west. The width of the state varies from 11km to 121km. The city of Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kollam, Kottayam,Kochi, Thrissur, Palakkad and Kozhikode, are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala^] Kerala is a popular tourist destination for its backwaters, yoga, Ayurvedic treatments,and tropical greenery.

Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, slightly higher than that of most developed countries, but with a much lower per capita income. The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 99 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state runAkshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village.A survey conducted in 2005 byTransparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.

Kerala is a top tourist destination. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world" and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".^[16] Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century". The Kerala Government Tourism Department, a government department in charge of promoting tourism has adopted the slogan God's Own Country for its campaigns.

Agriculture

Kerala produces 97% of national output of pepper and accounts for 85% out of the area under natural rubber in the country. Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices— including cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg — comprise a critical agricultural sector. A key agricultural staple is rice, with some six hundred varieties grown in Kerala's extensive paddy fields. Nevertheless, home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. Related animal husbandry is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalized, and the landless. Feeding, milking, breeding, management, health care, and concomitant micro-enterprises all provide work for around 32 lakh (3.2 million) of Kerala's 55 lakh (5.5 million) households. The state government seeks to promote such activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the "Sunandini".

Tourism

Kerala is an established tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Tourists mostly visit such attractions as the beaches at Kovalam, Cheraiand Varkala, the hill stations of Munnar, Nelliampathi, and Ponmudi, and national parks and wildlife sanctuaries such as Periyar and Eravikulam National Park. The "backwaters" region — an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that center on Alleppey, Kumarakom, and Punnamada — also see heavy tourist traffic. Examples of Keralite architecture, such as the Padmanabhapuram Palace, Padmanabhapuram, are also visited. The capital city Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi(called as the "Queen of the Arabian Sea"), and Alappuzha(called the "Venice of the East"), are popular destinations. Tourism plays an important role in the state's economy

Railways

The Indian Railways' Southern Railway line runs through the state, connecting most major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of Idukki and Wayanad. The railway network in the state is controlled by three divisions of Southern Railway, namely Trivandrum Railway Division, Palakkad Railway Divisionand Madurai Railway Division. Trivandrum Central is the busiest railway station in the state and second busiest in the Southern Railway Zone after Chennai Central. Kerala's major railway stations are Kannur, Kozhikode, Shornur Junction, Palakkad Junction, Thrissur, Ernakulam Junction, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Chengannur, Kayamkulam Junction, Kollam Junction and Thiruvananthapuram Central.

Airports

Kerala has three major international airports, at Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. A fourth international airport is proposed at Kannur. Thiruvananthapuram's Trivandrum International Airport is the first International airport in an Indian non-metro city. The Cochin International Airport is the busiest and largest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; funded by nearly 10,000 Non Resident Indians from 30 countries.

Education

Education in kerala has been promoted during british rule in india by catholic and christian missionaries who were keen on providing education to all sections of society and strengthening of women,without any kind of discrimination.The contributions of catholic priests and nuns are very crucial and has played a major role in educating women and people belonging to lower strata of society surpassing many social hurdles.A significant figure in the 19th century was Rev.fr.Kuriakose Elias Chavara who started a system called "A school along with every church" to make education available for both poor and rich which still continues in the present.His work has resulted in promoting education for girls and is notable for becoming a good model for educational system in kerala after independence.Kerala's high literacy rate is attributed to high girl literacy rate as it says when a women is educated she will make sure that her children are well educated.

Onam.

Onam comes in the month of "Chingam" which is the first month according to the Malayalam Calendar. People put flower mats in front of their houses, to welcome King Mahabali. There will be competition for the laying of flower mats; Keralites all over the world will be celebrating this ten days with pomp and gaiety. They wear new dresses, visit as many temples as they can, perform dances like Thiruvadhira kali Thumbi Tullal etc. to name a few.

Onam is celebrated with a focus on different cultural aspects at different places. Athachamayam- a cultural procession takes place in the royal town ofTripunithura near Ernakulam-Kochi, on the Atham day of Chingam, which also marks the beginning of Onam celebrations. At the Vamanamoorthy temple in Thrikkakara, the annual temple festival coincides with Onam. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vamana and is directly linked to the mythological background of Onam.

Onam Pookkalam is considered as a symbol for secularism. Various kinds of flowers combine together to form a great-looking pookkalam. So, it shall reflect those old good days during King Mahabali. It's a great pleasure for people in Kerala to make Pookkalam from Atham to Thiruvonam, especially for children.

The celebrations begin within a fortnight of the Malayalam New Year and go on for ten days. The last day called the Thiruvonam is the most important. All over the state, rituals along with new clothes, traditional cuisine, dance, and music mark this harvest festival.

At Valluvanad(mainly Ottapalam, Shornur regions), Kathakali dancers in gorgeous costumes enact the legends. A strikingly impressive procession of caparisoned elephants is taken out at Thrissur, where masked dancers also go from house to house performing the colorful Kummattikali dance. AtCheruthuruthy, people gather to watch Kathakali performers enact scenes from epics and folk tales. Pulikali, also known as Kaduvakali is a common sight during Onam season. Performers painted like tigers in bright yellow, red and black, dance to the beats of instruments like Udukku and thakil.

At Aranmula, during Onam days the famous Aranmula Vallam Kali is conducted.

The swing is another integral part of Onam, especially in the rural areas. Young men and women, decked in their best, sing Onappaatt, or Onam songs, and rock one another on swings slung from high branches.

THE GOD OF CRICKET

Name: Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar.

Nickname: Little Master, Master Blaster, Cricket God

Birth Date: April 24, 1973

Zodiac Sign: Taurus

Birth Place: Mumbai, India

Profession: Cricket

Sex: Male

Nationality: Indian

Height: 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)

Education: Sharadashram Vidyam

Batting style: Right-hand bat

Bowling style: Right-arm offbreak, Legbreak googly

Major Teams - India, Asia XI, Mumbai, Mumbai Indians, Yorkshire

Coach : Ramakant Achrekar

Information about Sachin ’s Family
Father: Sri Ramesh Tendulkar
Wife: Smt Anjali Mehta
Children: One daughter, Sara and a son Arjun
Brothers: Ajit and Nitin
Sister : Savitai

Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar was born on April 24, 1973 in Mumbai, India. He went to Shradashram Vidyamandir, a high school in Mumbai, where he began his cricketing career under his coach Ramakant Achrekar. He attended the MRF Pace Foundation during his schooldays to train as a fast bowler, but Australian fast bowler Dennis Lillee, who saw him training, was not much impressed and suggested that Tendulkar should focus on his batting instead. As a young boy, Tendulkar would practice for hours at the net, and was driven hard by his coach Achrekar.

While at school, his extraordinary batting skills got noticed by the sports circuit. People felt that the young boy would soon become one of the greats in cricket. In the 1988 season, he scored a century in every inning that he played. In one of the inter school matches that year, he had an unbroken 664-run partnership with friend and team mate Vinod Kambli.

When he was 14, Indian batting legend Sunil Gavaskar a great Indian batsman of that time, gave him a pair of his own light pads. This touching gesture greatly encouraged the budding cricketer, who 20 years later broke Gavaskar’s world record of 34 Test centuries.
In 1988, when he was just under 16, he scored 100 not out in for Bombay against Gujrat. This was on his first-class debut. He then scored a century in his first appearance in the Deodhar and Duleep Trophy. Mumbai captain Dilip Vengsarkar picked him up after seeing him batting Kapil Dev in the nets. That season he was Bombay’s highest run-getter. In the Irani Trophy final, He made an unbeaten century. He scored a century in all three of his Irani Trophy, Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy debuts, and became the first player to do so. He was selected for the tour of Pakistan next year.

At the very young age of 16, Sachin played his first Test match against Pakistan in Karachi in 1989. In this Test, he received several blows to his body at the hands of Waqar Younis, a pace bowler. He made just 15 runs. In the last test in Sialkot, he had a bloody nose from a bouncer, but he went on playing. He scored better in the subsequent games, scoring 53 runs of 18 balls at Peshawar.

In the 1990 Test in England he scored a century at Old Trafford. The English were highly impressed by his disciplined display of immense maturity. He played many types of strokes. His off-side shots from the back foot greatly impressed the English. Though short in height, he confidently faced short deliveries from the English pace bowlers. His great performance made him look the embodiment of Gavaskar, India’s former famous opener.

During the 1991-1992 tour of Australia Tendulkar scored and unbeaten 148 in Sydney and another century on a bouncing pitch a Perth.

At the age of 19, Tendulkar was in England, playing for Yorkshire in 1992. He scored 1070 runs at an average of 45.25 while playing for the English county as the first overseas player.

In the 2003 Cricket World Cup, he made 673 runs in 11 matches which enabled India reach the final. Although Australia won the trophy Tendulkar was given the Man of the Tournament award.

Shortly after this Tendulkar developed a tennis elbow and he was out of cricket for a while. But by 2005, he was back in form. He played well against Australia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.

Tendulkar performed very well against Bangla Desh and he was adjudged the Man of the Series in the Future Cup against South Africa.

Today Tendulkar is a national icon to fans all over the world. He is the most worshipped cricketer in the world. Tendulkar has been granted the Padma Vibhushan, Padma Shri, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, Padma Vibhushan by the Indian government.

Personal Life

In 1995, Sachin married Anjali, a doctor and the daughter of Gujarati industrialist Anand Mehta. They have two children, Sara and Arjun. Tendulkar now sponsors 200 underprivileged children every year through a Mumbai-based NGO.

Sachin Tendulkar is the cricketer who is born to break all records. He has broken many records and till date even today he is getting stronger and stronger. As of February 2010, Sachin holds following records

Sachin Tendulkar Records

Test Match Records 

Sachin Tendulkar is the highest run scorer in the Test cricket. 

First cricketer to pass 12,000 run in Test cricket.

Highest number of centuries in Tests (47).

Sachin is the only player who has 40 wickets and more than 11,000 runs in Tests.

Sachin Tendulkar is the youngest player to score 1,000 Test runs, 2,000 Test runs, 3,000 Test runs, 4,000 Test runs, 5,000 Test runs, 6,000 Test runs, 7,000 Test runs, 8,000 Test runs, 9,000 Test runs and 10,000 Test runs.

Sachin Tendulkar has played Test cricket at a record 52 different grounds.

In 2002, Wisden rated him as the second greatest Test batsman after Sir Donald Bradman.

On 3 January 2007, Sachin (5,751 runs) edged past Brian Lara’s (5,736 runs ) world record of runs scored in Tests away from home.

Sachin’s record of five Test centuries before he turned 20 is a current world record.

Sachin Tendulkar became the first Indian to surpass the 11,000 Test runs mark

Sachin Tendulkar has played the most number of Test Matches (144) for India.

One-Day Internationals Records

Sachin Tendulkar is the only batsmen to score a double hundred (200 in 147 balls against South Africa on 24Feb 2010) in ODI.

Sachin Tendulkar has the most number of ODI centuries(46).

Sachin Tendulkar has the most number of fifties in ODIs (93).

Sachin Tendulkar has the most number of runs in ODI cricket (17598).

Sachin Tendulkar was the first cricketer to pass 10,000 runs in ODIs.

Sachin Tendulkar was the first cricketer to pass 15,000 runs in the ODIs.

Sachin Tendulkar has won Man of the Match award 56 in the ODIs, making him the the best of all

Sachin Tendulkar has most number of Man of the Series award, 14 in total.

Sachin Tendulkar has won Most man of match awards (10) against Australia.

Sachin Tendulkar has the highest ODI score among Indian batsmen (186* against New Zealand at Hyderabad in 1999).

Sachin Tendulkar has Appeared in highest number of ODIs (425).

Sachin Tendulkar is the only player to be in top 10 ICC ranking for 10 years.

Sachin Tendulkar has scored 1,894 runs in calendar year in ODIs – the most by any batsman.

Sachin Tendulkar has the record of most centuries in a calendar year: nine ODI centuries in 1998.

He has scored 1,000 runs in a calendar year on six separate occasions – 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 & 2003.

In 1998 he had nine one-day centuries in a year making him the only player to do it.

Sachin Tendulkar is the fastest cricketer to reach 10,000 runs, taking 259 innings and has the highest batting average among batsmen with over 10,000 ODI runs.

Sachin Tendulkar has scored over 1,000 ODI runs against all major cricketing nations.

In 1998 he scored a total of 1,894 runs, a record number of runs scored in ODIs in a single year.

Sachin with Sourav Ganguly hold the world record for the maximum number of runs scored by the opening partnership. They have put together 6,271 runs in 128 matches.The duo also has a record of 20 century partnership for opening pair.

He is the only player ever to pass the 13,000, 14,000 and 15,000 run marks in ODIs.

Sachin and Rahul Dravid hold the world record for the highest partnership in ODI matches when they scored 331 runs against New Zealand in 1999.

Sachin is the only player who has 150 wickets and more than 15,000 runs in ODIs.

In 2003, Wisden rated Sachin as No. 1 and Richards at No. 2 in the list of all-time greatest ODI players.